Antibacterial Efficacy of Punica granatum Peel Extracts Against Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Urinary Tract Infections Cases


1. Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections worldwide, affecting approximately 150 million people annually [1]. They encompass a range of clinical conditions, from uncomplicated cystitis to severe pyelonephritis and life threatening urosepsis [2]. UTIs account for nearly 35% of all healthcare-associated infections and are a leading cause of morbidity across all age groups, with a significantly higher prevalence in females due to anatomical factors [3, 4]. While various pathogens can cause UTIs, Escherichia coli remains the primary etiological agent, responsible for over 80% of community-acquired and a large proportion of nosocomial infections [5, 6].

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